Market Urbanism

Liberalizing cities | From the bottom up

“Market Urbanism” refers to the synthesis of classical liberal economics and ethics (market), with an appreciation of the urban way of life and its benefits to society (urbanism). We advocate for the emergence of bottom up solutions to urban issues, as opposed to ones imposed from the top down.

Toward an Erdmann synthesis

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Kevin Erdmann has a good op-ed in the Washington Post today, arguing one of the two core points that have defined his work for the past several years: Fannie and Freddie have set credit standards too high since 2007. (His other core point, that “closed access” superstar cities have made it too hard to build, is clearly correct).

Although I’ve been Erdmann’s colleague for most of this time, I’ve maintained wide priors on the question of credit standards. Many other scholars, left and right, are skeptical of the broad, century-long trend of encouraging (and subsidizing) homeownership. Whether or not Fannie & Freddie’s mortgage securitization constitutes a subsidy, it’s hard to argue that it doesn’t influence who can buy a home.

c. 1940s postcard (Kalamazoo Public Library)

Too cheap to build

The excellent Kalamazoo Debate helped clarify things, probably because it isolates the credit issue from the supply issue.

  • Rent in Kalamazoo has become surprisingly high
  • But it’s not because of zoning-induced supply constraints
  • Houses are still cheap relative to incomes

With these facts, Kevin’s story sounds very plausible:

  • Regulators in 2007 shut off credit to marginal potential homebuyers
  • Builders could no longer find buyers for entry-level houses, so they stopped building as many
  • Rents have not been high enough to justify large-scale apartment construction
  • Marginal potential homebuyers were left competing for the fixed stock of rental housing

There are some holes in this argument. Homeownership in Kalamazoo hasn’t changed much over time. Would a temporary 2% drop really shut off the supply of new housing? But if we leave Kalamazoo aside, the national decrease was much larger and the rebound incomplete, so maybe Kevin’s right nationally, at least for post-2000 analysis.

The U.S. homeownership rate is low relative to the 2000s, but high relative to the 1970s-1990s

Filter-down economics

Can Kevin and the skeptics both be right? There’s no technical contradiction between these two points, they just have opposite vibes:

  • The federal government and GSEs have subsidized homeownership through a variety of means and the US has more homeowners than it would have if the feds were neutral.
  • Homeownership subsidies raise the price/rent ratio, keep construction brisk, and put downward pressure on rent.

(We can add: rental subsidies don’t boost construction much because they’re targeted to people who aren’t close to being able to afford new construction and/or because zoning limits the land available for multifamily construction.)

This doesn’t tell us whether subsidies are good or not. It wouldn’t exactly be a surprise if a milk subsidy made milk cheaper, right? Housing markets are weirder than milk markets, but it’s still not that weird to think that housing subsidies make housing cheaper.

Is this expensive new home subsidized? (Salim Furth)

MOAR MATH!

Just because the subsidy / filter synthesis is possible doesn’t mean it’s true. The pre-2000 homeownership rate was stable and lower than today’s. Was that just demographics? Is Kevin’s story correct for a working-class slice of the population but less central to the major trends than he believes?

It’s in big, general-equilibrium questions like this that we really need rigorous economic modeling. The facts are available. Can a model match these moments?

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